Foundation and Empire 14. The Mutant

The â€Å"hangar† on Kalgan is a foundation curious unto itself, conceived of the requirement for the air of the huge number of boats acquired by the guests from abroad, and the synchronous and resulting huge requirement for living housing for the equivalent. The first splendid one who had thought of the conspicuous arrangement had immediately gotten a mogul. His beneficiaries †by birth or account †were effectively among the most extravagant on Kalgan. The â€Å"hangar† spreads fatly over square miles of domain, and â€Å"hangar† doesn't depict it at all adequately. It is basically an inn †for ships. The voyager pays ahead of time and his boat is granted a billet from which it can take off into space at any ideal second. The guest at that point lives in his boat as usual. The normal inn administrations, for example, the substitution of nourishment and clinical supplies at uncommon rates, straightforward adjusting of the boat itself, unique intra-Kalgan transportation for an ostensible aggregate are to be had, obviously. Accordingly, the guest consolidates shelter space and lodging bill into one, at a sparing. The proprietors sell transitory utilization of ground space at sufficient benefits. The administration gathers enormous assessments. Everybody has some good times. No one loses. Basic! The man who advanced down the shadow-outskirts of the wide hallways that associated the countless wings of the â€Å"hangar† had in the past estimated on the oddity and helpfulness of the framework portrayed above, however these were reflections for inactive minutes †unmistakably unacceptable at present. The boats hulked in their tallness and expansiveness down the long queues of deliberately adjusted cells, and the man disposed of line after line. He was a specialist at what he was doing now and if his starter investigation of the overhang library had neglected to give explicit data past the suspicious sign of a particular wing †one containing many boats †his specific information could winnow those hundreds into one. There was the phantom of a murmur in the quiet, as the man halted and blurred down one of the lines; a creeping creepy crawly underneath the notification of the egotistical metal beasts that refreshed there. To a great extent the shining of light from a window would demonstrate the nearness of an early returner from the sorted out joys to easier †or progressively private †delights of his own. The man stopped, and would have grinned on the off chance that he at any point grinned. Positively the convolutions of his mind played out what could be compared to a grin. The boat he halted at was smooth and clearly quick. The idiosyncrasy of its plan was what he needed. It was anything but a typical model †and nowadays the majority of the boats of this quadrant of the Galaxy either imitated Foundation plan or were worked by Foundation professionals. Be that as it may, this was unique. This was a Foundation transport †if simply because of the modest lumps in the skin that were the hubs of the defensive screen that solitary a Foundation boat could have. There were different signs, as well. The man felt no wavering. The electronic boundary hung over the line of the boats as an admission to protection with respect to the administration was not in any manner imperative to him. It separated effectively, and without initiating the alert, at the utilization of the exceptional killing power he had available to him. So the principal information inside the boat of the gatecrasher without was the easygoing and practically well disposed sign of the quieted bell in the boat's front room that was the aftereffect of a palm put over the little photocell only one side of the primary sealed area. And keeping in mind that that fruitful hunt went on, Toran and Bayta felt just the most problematic security inside the steel dividers of the Bayta. The Mule's jokester who included detailed that inside his thin compass of body he held the noble name of Magnifico Giganticus, sat slouched over the table and ate at the nourishment set before him. His miserable, earthy colored eyes lifted from his meat just to follow Bayta's developments in the joined kitchen and larder where he ate. â€Å"The thanks of a feeble one are of however little value,† he mumbled, â€Å"but you have them, for genuinely, in this previous week, little yet scraps have come my direction †and for all my body is little, yet is my craving boorish great.† â€Å"Well, at that point, eat!† said Bayta, with a grin. â€Å"Don't burn through your time on much obliged. Isn't there a Central Galaxy adage about appreciation that I once heard?† â€Å"Truly there is, my woman. For an astute man, I have been told, once stated, ‘Gratitude is ideal and best when it doesn't dissipate itself in void expressions.' But tsk-tsk, my woman, I am nevertheless a mass of void expressions, doubtlessly. At the point when my unfilled expressions satisfied the Mule, it presented to me a court dress, and a fantastic name †for, see you, it was initially just Bobo, one that satisfies him not †and afterward when my vacant expressions satisfied him not, it would bring upon my poor bones beatings and whippings.† Toran went into from the pilot room, â€Å"Nothing to do now yet pause, Bay. I trust the Mule is fit for understanding that a Foundation transport is Foundation territory.† Magnifico Giganticus, once Bobo, opened his eyes wide and shouted, â€Å"How extraordinary is the Foundation before which even the pitiless workers of the Mule tremble.† â€Å"Have you knew about the Foundation, too?† asked Bayta, with a little grin. â€Å"And who has not?† Magnifico's voice was a secretive murmur. â€Å"There are the individuals who state it is a universe of incredible enchantment, of flames that can expend planets, and mysteries of powerful quality. They state that not the most noteworthy respectability of the Galaxy could accomplish the respect and yielding considered just the normal due of a basic man who could state ‘I am a resident of the Foundation,' †were he just a rescue digger of room, or an in no way like myself.† Bayta stated, â€Å"Now, Magnifico, you'll never complete in the event that you make addresses. Here, I'll get you a little seasoned milk. It's good.† She set a pitcher of it upon the table and motioned Toran out of the room. â€Å"Torie, what are we going to do now †about him?† and she motioned towards the kitchen. â€Å"How do you mean?† â€Å"If the Mule comes, are we going to give him up?† â€Å"Well, what else, Bay?† He sounded annoyed, and the signal with which he pushed back the clammy twist upon his brow vouched for that. He proceeded eagerly, â€Å"Before I came here I had a kind of obscure thought that all we needed to do was to request the Mule, and afterward get serious †just business, you know nothing, definite.† â€Å"I realize what you mean, Torie. I wasn't much planning to see the Mule myself, yet I thought we could get some firsthand information on the chaos, and afterward disregard it to individuals who discover somewhat more about this interstellar interest. I'm no storybook spy.† â€Å"You're not behind me, Bay.† He collapsed his arms and glared. â€Å"What a circumstance! You'd never know there was an individual like the Mule, with the exception of this last strange break. Do you guess he'll seek his clown?† Bayta gazed toward him. â€Å"I don't have the foggiest idea about that I need him to. I don't have the foggiest idea what to state or do. Do you?† The internal signal sounded with its discontinuous burring clamor. Bayta's lips moved silently, â€Å"The Mule!† Magnifico was in the entryway, eyes wide, his voice a whine, â€Å"The Mule?† Toran mumbled, €Å"i must let them in.† A contact opened the airtight chamber and the external entryway shut behind the newcomer. The scanner demonstrated just a solitary shadowed figure. â€Å"It's only one person,† said Toran, with open help, and his voice was practically flimsy as he bowed toward the sign cylinder, â€Å"Who are you?† €Å"you would be wise to give me access and discover, hadn't you?† The words came meagerly out the beneficiary. â€Å"I'll educate you this is a Foundation transport and thus Foundation domain by worldwide treaty.† â€Å"I know that.† â€Å"Come with your arms free, or I'll shoot. I'm well-armed.† â€Å"Done!† Toran opened the internal entryway and shut contact on his impact gun, thumb floating over the weight point. There was the sound of strides and afterward the entryway swung open, and Magnifico shouted out, â€Å"It's not the Mule. It's nevertheless a man.† The â€Å"man† bowed to the comedian gravely, â€Å"Very precise. I'm not the Mule.† He held his hands separated, â€Å"I'm not equipped, and I please a tranquil task. You may unwind and take care of the impact gun. Your hand isn't consistent enough for my tranquility of mind.† â€Å"Who are you?† asked Toran, bluntly. â€Å"I may ask you that,† said the outsider, coolly, â€Å"since you're the one under misrepresentations, not I.† â€Å"How so?† â€Å"You're the person who professes to be a Foundation resident when there's not an approved Trader on the planet.† â€Å"That's not really. How might you know?† â€Å"Because I am a Foundation resident, and have my papers to demonstrate it. Where are yours?† â€Å"I think you would be advised to get out.† â€Å"I think not. On the off chance that you know anything about Foundation strategies, and in spite of your imposture you may, you'd realize that in the event that I don't return alive to my boat at a predefined time, there'll be a sign at the closest Foundation home office so I question if your weapons will have a lot of impact, for all intents and purposes speaking.† There was a wavering quietness and afterward Bayta stated, serenely, â€Å"Put the blaster away, Toran, and fully trust him. He seems like the genuine thing.† â€Å"Thank you,† said the outsider. Toran put his firearm on the seat close to him, â€Å"Suppose you clarify this now.† The outsider stayed standing. He was long of bone and enormous of appendage. His face comprised of hard level planes and it was someh

Men Still Getting More Offers Than Women

Men Still Getting More Offers Than Women by: Maya Itah on August 29, 2014 | 0 Comments Comments 135 Views August 29, 2014If you happen to be a) female and b) graduating in the near future, we have some bad news for you. According to survey results from Bloomberg Businessweek’s 2014 undergraduate business school rankings, 57% of men who majored in business and graduated this year got job offers by January; only 52% of their female counterparts could say the same.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Just a 5% gap?† you might ask. â€Å"How is that a big deal?† The Businessweek article aptly points out that â€Å"the results are statistically significant, indicating that for the 25,000 students surveyed at 132 colleges, gender is a factor in predicting the likelihood of getting an early job offer.† We aren’t just talking about numbers. We’re discussing real people here.  Plus, in certain industries, the gap is much bigger than 5%—even when the industries in question  attract far more women than men. Women are three times as likely to pursue nonprofit jobs as men, but among the male business majors who sought those jobs, 53% of them had offers by January, in contrast to 32% of female business majors. To be clear, that’s a 21% difference. In healthcare and government, fields which  also draw in more women than men, the differences were 11% and 10%, respectively.  DOES MORE MEN EQUAL MORE PRESTIGE?  Jessica Kennedy, a professor at Vanderbilt University’s Owen Graduate School of Management, gave Businessweek a potential explanation for the gaps in industries favored by women. She suggested that people might want to hire more men to boost their industries’ prestige. Whether or not that’s actually true, the fact that it’s even a plausible explanation is kind of insane.The gap also exists in traditionally male-dominated industries like investment banking. Percentage of men getting offers: 71%. Percen tage of women getting offers: 59%.Still, the survey results did have a few silver linings. Though two-thirds of business majors entering the tech world were men, women were more likely to get job offers. It’s possible that tech companies have responded to complaints about Silicon Valley’s brogramming culture, where high-level employees brag about things like landing jobs by sending company founders bikini shots of college girls. Plus, in banking, financial services (minus investment baking), consulting, and retail, the playing field for men and women looked roughly level.  TIPS FOR FEMALE GRADUATESKennedy gave female business majors some advice: make connections with influential people to offset the biases that might exist wherever you’re applying. The thing is, that advice applies to just about everyone. If you’ve managed to go through business school without hearing it, gender discrimination probably isn’t your only barrier to employment.  Fo r female-specific career tips, Corporette is a great resource. Women going into tech or nonprofits might find it a bit too conservative, but it’s a helpful benchmark. A few example posts: The Hunt: Appropriate Bags for Summer Associates; Successfully Managing Men at Work; and Impostor Alert! How to Overcome Impostor Syndrome.That last post is especially relevant, because many women have internalized the message that they don’t belong in the upper rungs of the workplace. If you think you might be conveying a lack of confidence during your interviews, start brainstorming ways to feel more secure. I’d say â€Å"fake it ’till you make it,† but it’s much better to become it.   Page 1 of 11

The Environment Of A Commercial Kitchen - 919 Words

‘The success of teamwork is about coming together at the beginning, keeping the process consistent and working together to get the outcome is the success’ Henry Ford (Ford, 2001). In this essay will outline and focus on the environment of a commercial kitchen, and will also be highlighting the importance of teamwork within a kitchen. Some examples of personal experiences I have had in the past, regarding teamwork will also be included. A kitchen in the hotel industry can be described as hot, hard work, intense and stressful. It is a physically demanding job, as there are long hours and one is expected to stand for long periods of time. Working in a kitchen in the hospitality industry gives you teamwork skills as you are working with different people to achieve good results, which are good food, with quality service. Successful teamwork in a kitchen is important, as it enables the kitchen to run smoothly when open for service. Maintaining a sense of professionalism in the work place at all time is essential. Having fun in the kitchen is always good, but there is a line that should not be crossed. To make the evening run smoothly, it is important to focus on the task ahead and help out colleagues if and when they need it. In order to achieve success within the kitchen environment, the team needs to share common goals. By doing this it ensures that everyone has a purpose for his or her work. Therefore, they are able to commit to their task and will have satisfaction in whatShow MoreRelated Television and Media - Social Messages in a Coca-Cola TV Commercial1502 Words   |  7 PagesCoca-Cola Commercial Directed by feature-filmmaker Bryan Singer, Coca Cola’s most recent television ad in their â€Å"Real† campaign features Salma Hayeck in the supposed natural setting of a business meal at an upscale Hollywood restaurant[1]. While presenting many of the elements that Jib Fowles discusses in his essay â€Å"Advertising’s Fifteen Basic Appeals,† this Coke ad also portrays the duality of women in our society. The only unambiguous message of this commercial is theRead MoreThe Uniform Commercial Code ( Ucc )897 Words   |  4 Pagesrules for governing the sales of goods and the sale of services. The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is the code used for the sales of goods. The sales of services is use common law to govern these contracts. The Uniform Commercial Code was published in 1952 by legal scholars in order to facilitate the easy information and enforcement of contracts in a fast- paced world. There are nine articles to the uniform commercial codes. Article one deals with the law of contracts and article nine deals withRead MoreDifferent Types Of Contracts And Contracts937 Words   |  4 Pagescontract rules for governing the sales of goods and the sale of services. The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is the code used for the sales of goods. The sales of services uses common law to govern these contracts. UCC was first published in 1952, the drafters of this code wanted to facilitate the easy information and enforcement of contracts in a fast- paced world. There are nine articles to the uniform commercial codes. Article one deals with the law of contracts and article nine deals with paymentRead MoreImportance of Teamwork in the Kitchen Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of Teamwork In the Kitchen Teamwork in the kitchen is a basic requirement as it is the main key of successful performance for anyone who is, going to or will join this most important department of hospitality. The purpose of this essay is to explain the concept of teamwork and how it applies to kitchen environment. Also, examples of personal experience of teamwork in class are provided to illustrate its effectiveness as a way to achieve common goals. 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Debates on genetic food safety include such issues as the impact of genetically modified foods on the health of further generations and genetic pollution of the environment, which can destroy natural biological diversity (Roberts, 2001). In developed countries, there are complex standards for food preparation; whereas, in lesser developed countries, the main concern is simply the availability of adequate safe waterRead MoreCleaning Case Study860 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many professional cleaning companies available in London these days. Some can provide a general cleaning service while others decide to specialise in areas such as domestic cleaning, end of tenancy cleaning services or even commercial cleaning. Hiring a cleaning company in London can prove to be a very cost effective and cheap way to get your home, office or specific item, such as a carpet or upholstery, cleaned efficiently. Many cleaning companies provide cleaning services throughoutRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Commercial Property1504 Words   |  7 PagesCommercial Property is real estate that is used for business activities. â€Å"Commercial properties fall into many categories and include including industrial properties, shopping centers, farms, offices, or even vacant land† (Investopedia.com). In this essay, I will be discussing the specifics, the conditions of what makes it a good investment by examining the pros and cons of the property’s condition, advantages and disadvantages of the parcel and community surround the property, and how the current

Sports Performance Increases With Team Cohesion - 1590 Words

As sport performance increases with team cohesion, it is important to understand the factors influencing team cohesion. Our purpose is to understand how leaders influence the sport team’s cohesion both by their behaviour and their role within the team. Two types of behaviour are assessed: initiating structure behaviour and consideration behaviour. Within a team, both coaches and fellow athletes may act as leaders. The influence of these leaders, in their specific role, whether as coach or as a fellow athlete, is analyzed. It is determined that in order for a team to have strong cohesion, the leaders play an important role in highlighting the importance of the individual players while providing structure, friendship, training, instruction, decision-making, social support, and positive feedback to produce overall team cohesion. Introduction Rain streams unnoticed down the faces of the anxious onlookers. It’s the ninth inning. The home team is down, 8-6. There are two out. Lee’s on first. He just batted Brent to third. It has been a rough game for their star batter and now he’s up to bat. Everything is on the line. Strike 1. Ball. Ball. Strike 2. Ball. Full count. Carlos hears his team in the background. They have worked so hard for this, each of them playing a unique role. The words from Coach Hein’s pre-game talk before the game replay in his mind, â€Å"You have what it takes. It is when we come together that we will be successful.† Sweat trickles down the nape of his neck. TheyShow MoreRelatedThe Development Of A Group1636 Words   |  7 Pagesthemselves to be a distinct unit that is different to other groups. The group must have shared goals, targets, norms and values, and be prepared to achieve these goals collectively. All of these characteristics are common in teams, but there are some key differences between a group and a team. 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Carron, Widmeyer, and Brawley defined cohesion as â€Å"a dynamic process that is reflected in the tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of its instrumental objectives and/or for the satisfaction of member affective needs† (as cited in Gearity Murray, 2011, p. 219). Cohesion is an extremely important aspect in sports. A study showed that cohesion is a strong predictor of a player’s view on relatednessRead More7) Explain the Importance of Cohesion to Group Productivity and Outline Possible Strategies That Can Be Used to Reduce the Negative Impact of Faulty Processes on Performance. (14 Marks)652 Words   |  3 PagesGroup cohesion can be defined as the tendency of a group to stay together to achieve their common goal that they share. Cohesion can be split into two types, the first being task cohesion which is the ability of the group to work together to achieve their common goal. 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The particular film based on a true story that I chose is titled When the Game Stands Tall. This film consists of aRead MoreSports Marketing And Finished Off With A Personal Reflection1597 Words   |  7 Pagesthere is underlying importance on sport and sports fans. Not only do sports have multiple benefits of being able to provide health and prevention messages but there is a negative side to everything. The topic of this essay is to highlight the unique characteristics of sports fans as consumers and identify and discuss the implications for sports marketing. As a final personal statement comment on yourself a s a c onsumer of one particular sport. The publicity of sports and their fans is slowly developingRead MorePreferred Coaching Styles and Leadership Methods by Athletes and Their Effectiveness!4862 Words   |  20 Pagesare most effective and preferred by Athletes. The various leadership styles are explained and examined. The present study found that there isnt one style that is most effective or preferred by all athletes specifically. As we enter the world of sports several different theories and methods of coaching are used and preformed each day. Each coach innovates their specific style or way of coaching to their athletes. When viewing coaching and leadership styles it becomes apparent that there are many

Institution essay free essay sample

People say Institutions can rehabilitate,but who would want to live in one? Institutions cannot take into account for individual attitudes or behaviour. â€Å"An Institution by de? nition is anything where the behavior of more then one individual is controlled by a system of rules and conventions. † Two texts that are seen as examples of the way an individual interacts with the institution are Raw a Novel by Scott Monk and Shawshank Redemption a ? lm directed by Frank Darabont. Each text shows differing ways individuals interact and are in?  uenced by the Institution.! ! In the Prologue, Scott Monk uses descriptive language to create an extended metaphor. The metaphor creates an image of Brett Dalton the Protagonist as a wild animal and the Police or Authority as the hunters. This extended metaphor sets up the opposition between Brett and society,the individual outside of social Institutions. When Brett is ? rst at â€Å"The Farm†, he rejects it by â€Å"Just old McD onald farm and a couple of geese†this shows he had no threat whatsoever. We will write a custom essay sample on Institution essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He meets Sam one of the characters of the Authority of the reformed Juveniles, another wild horse has the chance to be tamed this is referring to Brett. The symbolism of the wild horse shows that Sam understands a lot about nature of the things that operate outside of rules and conventions.! ! Brett spends three months of his life at the institution where he is faced with different situations that affect his attitudes towards his life. Brett experiences friendship with Josh and froggie,Trust,love and lost at the â€Å"Farm† and leaves as a rehabilitated person then when he entered,although reality he returned to juvenile.! The friendship between Brett and Josh shows compliance through there dialogue. Josh chooses to live at the Institutions â€Å"i work here with my own free will† this shows Josh has been institutionalized re? ecting back to â€Å"Shawshank Redemption† on Brooks he has also been incarcerated after 50 years. Red explains â€Å"Inside he is an important man,an educated man, outside he’s nothing†. Both Characters tragically make an impact in the institution,Where Brooks inspired Andy the opportunity to take over the library. Brooks was ?  nally released but he couldn’t handle the real world he was so used to the dependance on routine,the institution had gotten the better of him which led to him hanging himself. In a way Institutions do not provide rehabilitation,wouldn’t you agree? Josh was also a character that in? uenced Brett by his emotional scarring event of being sexually harassed by his own family member and unable to trust anyone,This ch anged and self discovered Brett. â€Å"An Institution by de? nition is anything where the behavior of more then one individual is controlled by a system of rules and conventions. One of the Major themes used in Raw is Protest. Brett protests against the Farm â€Å" I don’t want to stay here and i don’t want to follow any rules† this response allows us to understand the attitudes on the concept of being within an institution. Tyson the resident bully at the farm is practical to the fact that some institutions are corrupt and do not initially work. Tyson and the sisters from â€Å"Shawshank redemption† are seen in similar ways,where they are both the resident of bully’s in the institution. Emphasized through â€Å"every so often Andy would show up with fresh bruises† this has affected on both the characters within an institution.! ! In Conclusion Scott Monk Novel â€Å"Raw† and the ? lm â€Å"shawshank redemption† expresses the personal experiences within the institution through protest,enforcement and compliance. In society despite the fact that they contain similar ideas at the same time to look at different types of Institutions. â€Å"An Institution by de? nition is anything where the behavior of more then one individual is controlled by a system of rules and conventions. † !

Symbols Of Freedom And The Values They Represent Essays

Symbols of Freedom and the Values They Represent American symbols are almost as complicated and interpretive as the American politics they serve. In my first grade class, before the boy scouts were kicked out of meeting in public schools, they made us do the Pledge of Allegiance. This frightened me; being put into a class where these lunatic people talked to a piece of cloth hanging on the wall, and in my fear they sent me back to kindergarten. When I reached the first grade for the second time, they taught that the red stripes were for the blood of dead soldiers, and the white ones for flesh. The blue was for the night sky they fought under, and the fifty stars represented every state in the union (no one mentioned that there were only thirteen at the time of the revolution). As a Sophomore in High School, we studied Humanities, and learned that the colors of the American flag mimicked the colors of the French one due to copious amounts of money donated by the French. Perhaps their intention was not so much to aid the colonists, but to hinder the British they had quarreled with for so many years. In any event, Humanities taught that the colors of the flag were a money matter. As for the representation of American values, perhaps paying tribute to one's debts and loyalties is what is evident here. The Confederacy (Citation to see attached) said that white was for, "innocence and purity"; red symbolizing, "valor and hardiness"; and blue marking, "vigilance, perseverance, and justice." No official record of the original intention behind the coloring of the United States flag has been found to date. American coins are characterized not only by monetary values out of proportion to size (nickels to dimes) but by the Latin phrase, "E Pluribus Unum" or >Out of many, one.' This is most likely symbolic of early Americans' commitment to voting together and then acting together in the manner which they had pledged. One could also apply it to the fifty (then thirteen) states coming together to form one common country. http://www.adventure.com/library/encyclopedia/america/libbell.html The Ring Of Freedom July 4, 1776 PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA For more than 200 years, the Liberty Bell has been one of the most visible symbols of American freedom. Made in England, the bell was brought to Philadelphia in 1753 and hung in the new Pennsylvania State House, which is now known as Independence Hall. The bell is inscribed with the words "Proclaim Liberty throughout all the Land," which is a phrase found in the Bible (Leviticus 25:10). On July 4, 1776, the bell was rung when the members of the Continental Congress signed the Declaration of Independence. This began an Independence Day tradition that was observed every year, except in 1777 and 1778, when the British captured Philadelphia and the bell was hidden for safe keeping. The last time the bell was rung was in 1846, when a small crack in the bell grew so large that it could no longer be sounded. But it is still seen by millions of people each year when they visit Philadelphia's Liberty Bell Pavilion. Copyright 8 1996 Knowledge Adventure, Inc. All Rights Reserved. http://libertynet.org/iha/betsy/index.html This material is copyright by, and used with permission of, the Independence Hall Association. For further information, visit the Independence Hall Association's Home Page on the World Wide Web at http://libertynet.org/iha What do the red, white, and blue of the flag represent? The Continental Congress left no record to show why it chose the colors. However, in 1782, the Congress of the Confederation chose these same colors for the Great Seal of the United States and listed their meaning as follows: white to mean purity and innocence, red for valor and hardiness, and blue for vigilance, perseverance, and justice. According to legend, George Washington interpreted the elements of the flag this way: the stars were taken from the sky, the red from the British colors, and the white stripes signified the secession from the home country. However, there is no official designation or meaning for the colors of the flag. Why are the stars in a circle? The stars were in a circle so that no one colony would be viewed above another. It is reported that George Washington said, "Let the 13 stars in

Research Paper on Polymer Chemistry

Research Paper on Polymer Chemistry Example Research Paper on Polymer Chemistry: Introduction Polymerization refers to a chemical reaction that results in bonding of two monomers to form a polymer (Tarle, 435). A polymer molecule is made up of hundreds, thousands, or even millions of atoms joined together to form a chain with an extended length at least an order of magnitude greater than its thickness (Peacock Calhoun, 2006). Polymers have variations of molecular weight (length), branching, steric configuration, interconnections and chemical defects (Tarle, 435). A polymer is made up of many elements. One can consider a polymer as a thread with every link of this string forming a fundamental unit which is in turn made of hydrogen, carbon, silicon and oxygen(Tarle, 435). They are mostly made up of hydrocarbons though other elements such as Sulphur, nitrogen and chlorine may also be found(Carraher Charles, 2). The molecules are held together by covalent bonds that are branched, linear, or networked to form the polymeric material (Carraher Charles, 2). While most polymers have carbon as their backbone, others have silicon as the main element holding the polymer (Carraher Charles, 2). . The history of polymerization The science of polymerisation began way back in the 19th century where alumina-silica glass and phosphoric acid was widely applied to fill dentures (Carraher Charles, 2). . However, the compounds had very poor mechanical properties and high solubility. This meant that they were not particularly suited in sensitive applications such as dentistry. Later in the mid 20th century, acrylic resins replaced the silica compounds as the only synthetic material (Carraher Charles, 2). These comprised of polymethylmethacrylate compounds that had higher polymerization shrinkage than the former (Carraher Charles, 2). Despite their superiority, bonding was difficult. Also, they were known to cause periodontitis and pulpitis (Carraher Charles, 2). An improved orthophosphoric-acid compound was invented by Michael Buonocore. It had high adhesive capability but was not enough for specialised applications such as tooth replacement . Rafael Bowen’s developed a monomer in 1962 that greatly impro ved on the physical properties of the acrylic (Peacock Calhoun, 26). He combined the acrylic resins with epoxy resulting in an aesthetic composite with greatly improved physical properties (Peacock Calhoun, 26).. However, it required mixing with base paste, colors and catalyst thereby making it prone to mixing errors in processing. Calling it BIS-GMA resin (coined from glycidyl methacrylate diluted with glycol dimethacrylate and bisphenol A) he combined it with glass beads thereby making a hydrolytically unstable composite (Peacock Calhoun, 26). This necessitated further work on the same. Eventually, a combination of fillers and resins, added to several cross linked polymer chains like ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate produced a successful dental composite in the 1970s (Peacock Calhoun, 26). Composites solved the problem of mixing errors as polymerisation could be done by electromagnetic radiation (Peacock Calhoun, 26). Unfortunately, the particles were too large and restricted to only four colors. Besides, the resins were difficult to polish and the etching techniques, which required the use of acid, damaged the teeth (Peacock Calhoun, 26). The resins were replaced with composites in the 1980s. These brought about better aesthetics but could fracture when exposed to high tension (Peacock Calhoun, 26). Usage in dentistry and photo-polymerisation The process by which monomers form polymers is called polymerization. This occurs by one or two basic reactions namely addition and/or condensation. During addition polymerization, monomers are usually linked together to form a long, three dimensional polymer chain. On the other hand, polymer condensation involves small molecules being released to form small polymers chains. In the first steps of formation, the monomers double bond is broken (called curing) by means of heat, light or addition of other compounds (chemicals) (Peacock Calhoun, 26). The curing effect of a polymer is caused by presence of a photoinitiator (Vandewalle et al 300). This is a molecule that absorbs light and then spurs a chemical reaction that results in polymerisation. Once a photo-initiator absorbs light (mostly a carbonyl group with nonbonding electrons that can be promoted to an anti-bonding orbital) of an appropriate wavelength, an overlap of positive and negative atomic orbitals thereby forming a polymer chain (Vandewalle et al 300). As noted, dental Composites can be cured by use of three means namely use of chemical, heat and light(Vandewalle et al 300).. These three elements result in production of free radicals that result in polymerisation. According to Micali and Basting (2004) such factors as light density, intensity of light source, and exposure and wavelength duration affect the amount of free radicals generated. The energy in these elements is paramount in determining the degree of cure and of flexural strength. Peutzfeldt Asmussen (2005) asserts that the degree of cure and mechanical properties rises with increase in energy density. These parameters have to be adequate to facilitate compete polymerization. If not, then the materials will be of poor physical properties and hence sustain premature failure. Micali and Basting (2004) assert that the clinical performance of composite resins is greatly influenced by the quality of the light-curing unit used in photo-polymerisation. Mahn (2010) explains that composites which are not adequately irradiated, both in terms of quality and quality of light often result in increased bacterial colonization which reduces their bond strength, inferior physical properties, excessive wear and possible bulk fracture, postoperative sensitivity due to dissolution of uncured resin and recurrent caries at the interface (Mahn, 21). Composites are specially suited for dental applications for a variety of reasons. Due to their tendency to withstand tension and high temperature, they are able to match the performance of natural teeth save for sensitivity. Composites can also be made to match the colour of the teeth. The polymer binders used to fill teeth improve their strength and polarization. Practically more than one monomer is mixed at different ratios to get an appropriate and easy to use thickness. A curing light from either halogen lights, light emitting diodes or plasma arc curing lights is beamed onto the composite to cure it. The filling materials used in dental applications should be strong and compressive. They should be able to withstand high temperatures too. The material should be made to match the colour of the teeth. The polymer binders used to fill the tooth should be good paste so as to improve strength and polarization. Practically more than one monomer is mixed at different ratios to get an appropriate and easy to use thickness. A curing light is a beam that was made to quickly cure a resin. Composite resin was brought into the market to minimise negative aspect of the acrylic resins. Ravve, Abe (2000).The earlier composites required to be mixed with a base with a catalyst leading to problems in magnitude, Light ways of therapy have come a long way since 1970s (J.Dent 1999).Ultra violet rays were used to set off a special type of filling. We have plasma light that’s currently being applied on therapy is clinically applicable. It is a better method since the results revealed it had a simi lar therapy to the one of halogen yet the temperature rise was negligible. Some are using the Argon while others are using the laser light. The combination process and also the colour visibility. At first they used an ultraviolet light source. It was a required source of energy. But the polymerization had side effects which led to replacement with visible light which is currently in use and still being developed. With the current technique we are able to reduce the polymerization stress. We have two methods that use small and low concentration light followed by a longer period of elevated intensity. (Chang-Jun Baek, 2008)Both physical and mechanical property of the compound depends on their structural arrangement. The dental composite is composed of three chemically different materials. The organic, non organic and the filler. There’s a disperse phase of composite resins made with non-living filler material. So as to improve both the mechanical and physical properties of the compound, the filler particles are added to the organic stage. We have composites that are made up of polymer groups called hybrid composite resins. About 60% of it is glasses of different compositions and sizes. And these are the ones used by our dentists. We have flowable composites which are normally of low thickness. They contain lower inorganic filler. They have an advantage because of the tooth surface is highly wet thus ensuring ideal penetration due to their low thickness. There’s no air entrapment .That’s also an added advantage. We have condensable composites also which have a very high percentage of the filler. Their clinical behaviour is almost similar to the hybrid. Their condensability gives them an added advantage. This is because the contact point is easily achieved. The major areas where polymers a re applied will depend on the chemical structure and processing of the polymers. Some could be very rigid; others flexible while some could also be very elastic. We have fibres polymers and textile polymers which are simply oriented forming elevated powerful fibres. We have natural polymers like proteins found in silk and wool. We also have carbohydrates like the ones found in cellulose. The other polymers are synthetic like the ones found in bullet proof vests. We use polymers for making packaging materials and coatings. Polymers are also very useful in the medical fields (Charles, 2003). As mentioned earlier teeth fillers are also made of polymers. Polymers are also used in making implants. Most aesthetic dental coatings are made of polymers. The coatings are usually used to decorate the enamel surface of the teeth. Conclusions The composites have acquired a very high and important place in the filling equipments. These materials are able to protect the teeth arrangement in a better way because they are retained by cementing methods other than depending on cavity design. We should never forget that they are highly technique sensitive hence we need to control some aspects. We have to get the correct composite for each condition. The process followed in bonding should be cautiously done. Proper therapy is highly vital if reasonable results are to be achieved. Composite are not made of metal. So the dentists can merge and combine perfect colours to match your original teeth. This means no one else will know about your teeth apart from you and the dentist. Another advantage is that the resin usually holds up the remaining tooth structure stopping breakages and padding against high temperature changes. A composite can last up to 10 years. It is important to remember the more natural teeth structure you keep, the better teeth you will likely have in future. We have a growing demand of energy.